Ukugcinwa Kokuzinza Kwezibhebhe Ezishelelayo Ezindaweni Zokusebenza Ezisheshayo

Ukusebenza ngesivinini esikhulu kumelela esinye sezimo ezidinga kakhulu ama-bearings ashelelayo. Njengoba isivinini sokujikeleza sanda, umkhawulo wamaphutha ekugcotshweni, ekususweni, nasekukhethweni kwezinto uncipha kakhulu. Ukungazinzi—okubonakala njengokudlidliza, ukushelela, noma ukuwa kwefilimu yoketshezi—kungaholela ekwehlulekeni kwama-bearings ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ekulimaleni kwemishini, kanye nesikhathi esibi esingahleliwe sokungasebenzi.

Ezinhlelweni ezithwala i-rotor ngesivinini esikhulu, ukuziphatha kokushelela nokushelela kwe-interfacial kusongela ngqo ukunemba kokusebenza kanye nempilo yesevisi. Ukuguga ngokweqile, ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa endaweni, ukuguquguquka kwekheji, kanye nokuphazamiseka kokugcoba kuyizindlela zokwehluleka ezibalulekile okumele zixazululwe ngokuklama ngokucophelela, ukukhethwa kwezinto, kanye nezinqubo zokulungisa.

Kwabonjiniyela kanye nochwepheshe bokulungisa abathola ikhwalithi ephezulu amabheringi ashelelayo avela ku-CNEPEN, ukuqonda izimiso zokugcinwa kokuzinza ezindaweni ezinesivinini esikhulu kubalulekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola i-physics yokusebenza ngesivinini esikhulu, izici eziphazamisa ukuzinza kwama-sliding bearings, kanye namasu asebenzayo—kusukela ekukhetheni izinto kuya ekuqapheni isimo—aqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile ngesivinini esiphezulu.

Ingxenye 1: Ukuqonda Ukungazinzi Kuma-Bearings Ashelelayo Asheshayo

1.1 Isenzakalo Sokushelela

Ukushelela—ukushelela okukhulu kwezinto ezigingqikayo emigwaqweni yomjaho—kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokungazinzi kuma-bearings anejubane eliphezulu. Ukushelela kwenzeka lapho amandla okubamba phakathi kwezindawo ezithintanayo enganele ukunqoba amandla okuhudula aqinile kanye namandla angenawo amandla.

I-physics: Uma ijubane eliphezulu lokujikeleza, kokubili amandla okudonsa kanye namandla angenawo amandla ayanda. Umthwalo omncane odingekayo ukuvimbela ukushelela ukhuphuka ngesivinini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthwalo ohambisana nomkhawulo wokuphila kokukhathala webhereyi uyancipha njengoba ijubane lokusebenza likhuphuka. Lokhu kudala "isifunda sokusebenza esamukelekayo" esilinganiselwe sebhereyiyi.

Ama-bearings anejubane eliphezulu asebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu kanye nemithwalo ephansi avame kakhulu ukushelela, okungaholela ekuhlulekeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngaphambi kwezibikezelo zokuphila kokukhathala zakudala.

1.2 Ukuzinza Kwefilimu Emanzi

Kuma-bearings ashelelayo e-hydrodynamic, ukuzinza kuncike ekwakhekeni nasekugcinweni kwefilimu yokugcoba. Ezindaweni ezinesivinini esikhulu:

• Imiphumela ye-Centrifugal iba nkulu, ishintsha ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo kanye nama-engeli okuxhumana

• Izinga lokushisa liyenyuka kunciphisa ukujiya kwamafutha, okusongela ukujiya kwefilimu

• Vibration kungaphazamisa i-oyili, okuholela ekuxhumaneni kwensimbi nensimbi

• Ukuguguleka kwe-cavitation kungenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezingazinzile 

Ukuhlaziywa kwama-frequency abalulekile ezinhlelweni ezijikelezayo ezinama-bearings ashelelayo kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kwama-coefficient aguquguqukayo—ukuqina kanye nokufiphaza kwesendlalelo sokugcoba. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamapharamitha e-geometric, amapharamitha okusebenza, kanye nokuqina kwesistimu buyinkimbinkimbi kodwa bubalulekile ekubikezeleni amabanga okusebenza aphephile.

1.3 Indlela Yokungazinzi Nokwehluleka

Ukuqhubekela phambili kusukela ekungazinzini kuya ekwehlulekeni kuma-bearings ashelelayo asheshayo kuvame ukulandela le ndlela:

Stage	phenomenon	Isibonakaliso Esibonakalayo
1	Ukuqala kokushelela	Ukudlidliza okwandisiwe, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa
2	Ukuphazamiseka kwefilimu yokugcoba	Izindawo ezishisayo ezitholakala endaweni ethile, umfutho kawoyela oncishisiwe
3	I-Metal-to-metal contact	Ukushaya amagoli, ukuguguleka kwemfucumfucu emafutheni
4	Ukubaleka okushisayo	Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa okusheshayo
5	Ukwehluleka okuyinhlekelele	Ukubanjwa, umonakalo womgodi, ukuvalwa kwemishini

Ukuvimbela ukuqhubekela phambili ezigabeni zakamuva kudinga kokubili ukukhethwa okufanele kwamabhereyitha kanye nokugcinwa okusebenzayo.

Ingxenye 2: Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Zokuzinza Okusheshayo

2.1 Indima Yezakhiwo Zezinto Ezibonakalayo

Ukuzinza kuma-bearings ashelelayo asheshayo kuqala ngokukhetha izinto zokwakha. Izakhiwo ezibalulekile zifaka:

Property	Umthelela Ekusebenzeni Okusheshayo
I-friction coefficient	Ukungqubuzana okuphansi kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kanye nengozi yokushelela
Ukuqhuba kwe-thermal	Ukushisa okuphezulu kuqeda ukushisa, kugcina ifilimu kawoyela
Amandla anamandla	Ivimbela ukuguquguquka ngaphansi kwemithwalo enamandla
Gqoka ukumelana	Yandisa impilo yesevisi ngesikhathi semicimbi yokugcoba emngceleni
I-coefficient yokwandisa ukushisa	Ukufana nezinto zomgodi kuvimbela izinguquko zokuhlukanisa

2.2 Izinto Ezithuthukisiwe Zokusetshenziswa Okusheshayo

Amabheringi ashelelayo e-Ceramic imelela intuthuko ekuqondeni nasekuzinzeni kokushisa kwezinhlelo zokujikeleza ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngokungafani nama-bearings ajwayelekile agcotshwe ngamafutha, ama-bearings e-ceramic angasebenzisa amanzi njengesithambisi, axazulule izinselele ezivamile zokungazinzi kokushisa kuma-spindles anesivinini esikhulu. Lokhu kusungula izinto ezintsha kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside ngenkathi kuxazululwa izinkinga ezifana nokungqubuzana, ukuguguleka, kanye nokugqwala.

Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zama-ceramic bearings zifaka:

• Ukuqina okuphezulu okunciphisa ukudlidliza komshini, okuthuthukisa ukunemba kwezicelo zesivinini esikhulu 

• Ukuphathwa kokushisa okuphezulu: amandla okushisa aphezulu amanzi aholela ekukhuleni kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi ngesikhathi sokusebenza 

• Ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye namandla amahle kakhulu okucindezela impilo yenkonzo ende

• Ukumelana nokwanda kokushisa ezindaweni ezinokuguquguquka okukhulu kokushisa 

2.3 Izixazululo ze-CNEPEN Zokusebenza Ngesivinini Esiphezulu

Izitsha zokuzigcoba ze-CNEPEN (Uchungechunge lwe-EU) zenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zesivinini esikhulu lapho ukuzinza kanye nokungqubuzana okuphansi kubaluleke kakhulu. Isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe esisekelwe ku-PTFE sinikeza:

• Isekelo sensimbi sokusekela isakhiwo kanye nokuqhuba ukushisa 

• Isendlalelo sethusi esinomoya esihlinzeka ngokubopha ngomshini kanye nokushabalalisa ukushisa

• Ingxube ye-PTFE ifakwe ku-intersice yethusi ukuze isebenze ngokushayisana okuphansi 

Ngezicelo zezimoto nezimboni ezisheshayo, Ama-bearings ashelelayo e-CNEPEN kuye kwaqinisekiswa emikhakheni yezimboni engaphezu kuka-30 okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokusebenza zezinjini zezimoto lapho isivinini esiphezulu kanye namazinga okushisa kuyinto evamile -3Ama-bearings afana nama-connecting rod bearings, ama-main bearings, kanye nama-camshaft bushings—izingxenye ezibalulekile zenjini—azuza kubuchwepheshe bezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezihlanganisa ubuqotho besakhiwo nokungqubuzana okuphansi kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuphezulu.

Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga umthamo omkhulu womthwalo ohlangene nekhono lesivinini esikhulu, Amabheringi ensimbi amabili e-CNEPEN (Uchungechunge lwe-EMT) inikeza ukwakhiwa komcu wensimbi onezinto ezikhethekile zokubopha i-alloy, ezifanele umthwalo omkhulu, ukushukuma kwesivinini esiphansi kanye nokunyakaza kokujikeleza.

Ingxenye 3: Isu Lokugcoba Ukuze Kuzinze Isivinini Esiphezulu

3.1 Umkhawulo Wenani Le-PV

Inani le-PV—umkhiqizo womthwalo (P) kanye nesivinini (V)—yipharamitha ebalulekile enquma ukuthi ibhereyi ingasebenza kahle yini ngesivinini. Umklamo ngamunye webhereyi unenani eliphezulu le-PV elivunyelwe ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni zezinto zokwakha kanye nokwakhiwa kwazo.

Imininingwane yobuchwepheshe ye-CNEPEN inikeza izibalo zenani le-PV ezinemininingwane yezinhlobo ezahlukene zokunyakaza:

Uhlobo lokunyakaza	Ukucatshangelwa Komkhawulo we-PV
Ukunyakaza okujikelezayo (isiqondiso esisodwa)	Isivinini × indawo yomthwalo / yokuthwala
Ukunyakaza okuguquguqukayo	I-engeli × isivinini × izici zomthwalo
Ukunyakaza okuphindaphindayo	I-stroke × imvamisa × izici zomthwalo

Ukuhlolwa kobunjiniyela kwemikhawulo ye-PV kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhetha amabhereyi akudluli imingcele yomklamo, okungaholela ngokushesha ekuwohlokeni kokushisa kanye nokungazinzi.

3.2 Ukukhethwa Nokuphathwa Kwamafutha Okugcoba

Kuma-bearings ashelelayo ngesivinini esikhulu, ukukhetha amafutha kuthinta kakhulu ukuzinza:

• Ukukhetha kwe-viscosity kumele ilinganisele ukwesekwa komthwalo ekushiseni kanye nokuhudula okuphansi okunamandla ngesivinini

• Ubudlelwano bokushisa nokuqina zidinga amafutha okugcoba agcina ukuqina kwefilimu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu

• Amaphakheji engeziwe (EP, anti-wear) inikeza isivikelo somngcele ngesikhathi sokuqalisa kanye nesivinini esisheshayo

• Amafutha asekelwe emanzini inikeza ukuphathwa kokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zokuthwala ze-ceramic 

3.3 Umklamo Wemisele Kawoyela Nokudla

Ukwakheka kahle kwemisele yamafutha kubalulekile ekuzinzeni okusheshayo:

• Ama-grooves kufanele abekwe endaweni izindawo ezingalayishwanga ukugwema ukuphazamisa i-wedge yengcindezi ye-hydrodynamic

• Umthamo owanele wokudla uwoyela kumele unikezwe ukuze kulondolozwe ukujiya kwefilimu ngaphansi kwamandla e-centrifugal

• Ukucindezela kokudla kwamafutha kungadinga ukukhushulwa ngesivinini esiphezulu ukuze kunqotshwe imiphumela ye-centrifugal

Ingxenye 4: Isu Lokusebenza Nokuqapha Isimo

4.1 Ukusebenza Ngaphakathi Kwemvilophu Eqinile

Ukuze kusebenze ngesivinini esiphezulu okuzinzile, amabheringi kumele ahlale ngaphakathi kwesifunda sawo sokusebenza esamukelekayo. Lesi sifunda sinomkhawulo walokhu okulandelayo:

• Umkhawulo wokukhathala (umthwalo omkhulu oqhubekayo ngesivinini esinikeziwe)

• Ubuncane bomthwalo kuyadingeka ukuvimbela ukushelela (kuyanda ngesivinini) 

Ukusebenza ngaphandle kwalesi sifunda—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngesivinini esiphezulu kakhulu somthwalo noma umthwalo ophansi kakhulu wejubane—kuyingozi yokungazinzi.

4.2 Ukuqapha izinga lokushisa

Izinga lokushisa liyisibonakaliso esithembeke kakhulu sokuqina kwamabhereyi. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi amabhereyi ashelelayo ashesha kakhulu asebenza ngesivinini esifinyelela ku-70,800 rpm agcina amazinga okushisa azinzile ngaphansi kuka-97°C uma eklanywe kahle futhi egcotshwe kahle. Imikhuba ebalulekile yokuqapha:

Ipharamitha	I-Action Threshold	Umkhawulo Wengozi
Izinga lokushisa liyenyuka	15°C ngaphezu kwesisekelo esijwayelekile	20°C ngaphezu kwesisekelo
Izinga lokushisa eliphelele	85°C (kugcotshwe ngamafutha)	95 ° C
Izinga lokushisa lokushintsha	>5°C/min	Phenya ngokushesha

4.3 Ukuhlaziya Ukudlidliza

Ukuqapha ukudlidliza kunikeza isixwayiso kusenesikhathi sokungazinzi. Ezinhlelweni zokuthwala isivinini esikhulu:

• Izinzwa eziseduze kuma-shafts thola ukunyakaza okuhlobene

• I-Accelerometers ezindlini kulinganisa amandla okudlidliza

• Ukuhlaziywa kwe-frequency spectrum ikhomba imithombo ethile yokudlidliza

• Izibalo zemvamisa ezibucayi nquma izimo zomsindo 

4.4 Inzuzo "Yokufaneleka Nokukhohlwa"

Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisheshayo lapho ukufinyelela kokulungisa kulinganiselwe, Izitsha zokugcoba ze-CNEPEN ezizigcobayo inikeza inzuzo yokusebenza ngaphandle kokulungiswa, okususa ingozi yokungazinzi okuhlobene nokugcotshwa okwenzeka lapho kungaphumeleli izikhawu zokulungiswa noma ukugcotshwa kusetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele.

Ingxenye 5: Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Eziqondene Nesicelo

5.1 Ama-Spindle Asheshayo

Ama-spindle aqondile adinga ukuzinza okumangalisayo. Ama-bearings ashelelayo e-ceramic ane-lubrication yamanzi avela njengesixazululo sezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-spindle ezisheshayo nezinembile. Izinzuzo zazo:

• Ukuqina okuphezulu kunciphisa ukudlidliza komshini

• Ukugcotshwa kwamanzi kunikeza ukuphathwa kokushisa okuphezulu

• Ukumelana nokugqwala kudlula amabheringi ensimbi ezindaweni zamanzi 

5.2 Amabheringi Enjini Yezimoto

Amabheringi enjini yezimoto abhekene nokucindezeleka okukhulu, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, kanye nokunyakaza okusheshayo. Ama-bearings ashelelayo e-CNEPEN Zenzelwe ngokunemba ukuhlanganiswa okubalulekile okujikelezayo, okuhlanganisa ama-bearings enduku yokuxhuma, ama-bearings amakhulu, kanye nama-bushings e-camshaft. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zidinga:

• Amandla okukhathala angavamile kanye nokuhambisana nakho

• Ubukhulu obuhle befilimu kawoyela ukuze kujikelezwe kahle nangokuqhubekayo

• Ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli

5.3 Ama-Gearbox Bearings e-Wind Turbine

Ama-planet bearings anejubane eliphezulu kuma-gearbox e-wind turbine asebenza ngaphansi kwesivinini esiguquguqukayo kanye nemithwalo, okwenza kube lula ukushelela. Ukuthola amaphutha kudinga ukuqonda okuphelele kokuziphatha kokudlidliza. Amasu okulungisa ukuzinza afaka:

• Ukuqinisekisa umthwalo omncane ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushelela ebangeni lesivinini

• Ukuqapha isimo ukuze kutholakale ukugqwala kusenesikhathi

• Izindlela zokulingisa ezithuthukisiwe zokubikezela ukushelela ngaphansi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo 

Ingxenye 6: Imikhuba Yokulungisa Ukuze Kube Nokuzinza Okuqhubekayo

6.1 Ukuhlolwa Kwangaphambi Kokusebenza

Ngaphambi kokusebenza ngesivinini esikhulu, qinisekisa:

• Isikhala sokuthwala ngaphakathi kwencazelo (ububanzi be-shaft obuyi-1.5–2.0 thousandths yemiklamo ye-hydrodynamic)

• Ukusebenza kohlelo lokugcoba nokuhlanza amafutha

• Umfutho wokudla kawoyela owanele isivinini sokusebenza

• Ukulungiswa kweshafti kanye nendlu kulungile

6.2 Inqubo Yokungena

Ama-bearings amasha noma athathelwe indawo adinga ukusebenza kahle:

• Sebenza ngesivinini esijwayelekile esingu-50–60% amahora angu-2–4

• Khulisa kancane kancane isivinini nomthwalo

• Gada izinga lokushisa nokudlidliza kuyo yonke indawo

• Shintsha uwoyela ngemva kokusebenzisa uwoyela okokuqala ukuze ususe udoti ogugile

6.3 Ukuhlolwa Okuvamile

Ukuze kube nokuzinza okuqhubekayo:

• Ukuhlaziywa kwamafutha okuvamile (ukugcwala, ukungcola, izinsimbi ezigugile)

• Ukuqapha izitayela zokushisa

• Ukulandelela isignesha yokudlidliza

• Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo ngesikhathi sokuphumula okuhleliwe

Isiphetho

Isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuphathwa kwezinga lokushisa, ubunjiniyela bokugcoba, kanye nokulandelela isimo kumele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugcinwe isivinini esikhulu. ama-sliding bearings ezizinzile. Ezimbonini zokwakha, zezimayini, zasemanzini, kanye nezokuzenzakalela, ukuthembeka kwemishini kuncike ekukhetheni izixazululo ezifanele zokuthwala umthwalo womsebenzi. Lapho amaqembu okuthenga esebenza nabaphakeli abanolwazi, angathola ukufinyelela kolwazi lobuchwepheshe olubasiza ukuthi benze izinqumo ezinhle kakhulu mayelana nemininingwane yezingxenye ngenkathi begcina izindleko ziphansi kuyo yonke impilo yabo. Njengoba isivinini kanye nemithwalo yemishini yezimboni iqhubeka ikhuphuka, icindezela imikhawulo yalokho engakwenza, ubuchwepheshe bokuthwala umthwalo buqhubeka buthuthuka ngezinto ezintsha kanye namathuluzi okulungisa okuvimbela ukugcina izimpahla ezibalulekile ziphephile.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ama-sliding bearings kufanele ahlolwe kangaki emishinini enesivinini esikhulu?

Izikhathi zokuhlola zincike ekutheni uhlelo lokusebenza lubi kangakanani nokuthi lungaqashwa kahle kangakanani. Uma imishini inokulandelela okuqhubekayo kokudlidliza nokushisa, izinqubo zokuhlola ngokomzimba zingase zihlehliswe njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imishini engenazo izinsimbi kufanele ihlolwe ngokubonakalayo kanye ngenyanga. Imishini yokwakha esindayo esebenza ezimweni ezinzima idinga ukulungiswa njalo kunezinhlelo zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela zezimboni ezigcinwa ngaphakathi. Ukusetha amaphethini ajwayelekile okudlidliza ngesikhathi sokusebenza kukuvumela ukuthi wenze ukuhlaziywa kwezitayela okuthola ukuhlukahluka okudinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe ngaphambi kokuba kubangele ukwehluleka.

Yiziphi izimpawu zokuqala ezibonisa ukuwohloka kwamabhere ashelelayo?

Imisindo engavamile, njengemisindo yokugaya noma yokuklinya, isho ukuthi i-lube iyaphuka noma indawo yonakele, okudingeka ihlolwe ngokushesha. Uma izinga lokushisa lokusebenza liphezulu kunokujwayelekile ngo-20°F noma ngaphezulu, kusho ukuthi izinkinga zokungqubuzana noma zokupholisa seziqala ukubonakala. Izingcezu zensimbi ezingabonakala kumasampula okugcoba zibonisa ukuthi izinqubo zokuguguleka ziyaqhubeka futhi zisheshisa inqubo yokwehluleka. Amazinga aphezulu okuzamazama ezindaweni zokuthwala ayisibonakaliso sokufakwa kwezikhala noma ukungalingani okuqala ukwakheka. Lapho lezi zimpawu zixazululwa ngokushesha, izinkinga ezincane azibi zimbi futhi zibangele ukwehluleka okukhulu okumisa ukukhiqizwa.

Ingabe ama-bearings ashelelayo angasebenza kahle ezindaweni ezinokushisa okukhulu?

Ukufaneleka kwezinga lokushisa kuncike ekukhetheni kwezinto zokwakha kanye nohlobo lwamafutha. Ukusetshenziswa okungaphezu kuka-300°F, udinga izinto zokugcoba eziqinile noma uketshezi lokwenziwa oluklanyelwe ukuzinza ekushiseni, kanye nethusi elixutshwe ne-graphite noma i-ceramics. Amafutha anomswakama ophansi agcina izinto zihamba kahle kanye nezinto ezinganciphisi kakhulu lapho zishiswa ziyadingeka e-Arctic ngaphansi kuka-40°F. Imiklamo ekhethekile yokuthwala ingabhekana kahle nalezi zinto ezibucayi uma ichazwe kahle. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhuluma nonjiniyela bezinhlelo zokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bayahambisana nezimo zakho zokusebenza ezihlukile.

Bambisana ne-Epen ukuze uthole izixazululo ezithembekile ze-Plain Bearing

Ngemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kanye nezinsizakalo zokusekela ochwepheshe, i-Jiashan Epen Bearing Co., Ltd. ikulungele ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zakho zokuthwala ngesivinini esikhulu. Senza ama-bearing e-composite ensimbi-plastiki, imiklamo ye-bimetallic, kanye nama-wear plate akhethekile asetshenziswa emishini yokwakha, imishini yezimayini, izimoto zasemanzini, kanye nezinhlelo zokwenza izinto zezimboni. Sakha kokubili osayizi abajwayelekile bekhathalogi kanye nezixazululo ezenzelwe ukuhambisana nezidingo zemisebenzi ethile. Ithimba lethu locwaningo lihlaziya izidingo zakho futhi lisikisela izinto ezizothuthukisa ukusebenza kanye nempilo yesevisi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udinga ukushintshwa ukuze kulungiswe ngokushesha noma ufuna umenzi we-sliding bearing ozosebenza naye njalo. Xhumana nathi ku- epen@cnepen.cn ukuxoxa ngezidingo zakho ezithile nokuthola izingcaphuno zobuchwepheshe zephrojekthi yakho elandelayo.

Okubhekwayo

I-Booser, ER (2021). Incwadi Yobunjiniyela Bokubumba Nokuthambisa, iNhlangano Yabachwepheshe Bezinhlu Zokuhlola Nokuthambisa, Uhlelo Lwesithathu.

Khonsari, MM & Booser, ER (2017). I-Tribology Esetshenzisiwe: Umklamo Wokuthwala Nokugcoba, uJohn Wiley & Sons, Uhlelo Lwesithathu.

Neale, MJ (2018). Incwadi Yezincwadi Ze-Tribology, Izincwadi Zobunjiniyela zaseButterworth-Heinemann, Uhlelo Lwesine.

I-American Bearing Manufacturers Association (2020). Izilinganiso Zomthwalo Ongacacile kanye Nezindlela Zokubikezela Ukuphila, I-ABMA Standard 12.1-2020.

I-Hutchings, i-IM kanye ne-Shipway, P. (2017). I-Tribology: Ukungqubuzana Nokuguguleka Kwezinto Zobunjiniyela, eButterworth-Heinemann, Uhlelo Lwesibili.

Inhlangano Yabachwepheshe Bezinhlu Zokudla kanye Nonjiniyela Bokugcoba (2019). Ukuqapha Isimo Semishini Emisebenzini Engashintshi, Iphepha Lobuchwepheshe le-STLE SP-64.